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制药巨头阴谋论:修订间差异

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'''制药巨头阴谋论'''{{Lang-en|Big Pharma conspiracy theories}},又称'''大药厂阴谋论''',是一类[[阴谋论]]的总称。此类理论声称,作为一个整体的[[制药产业]](尤其是大型[[公司]])在以危险、隐秘且阴险的方式行事,从而伤害[[患者]]。这些行为包括:为了追求[[利润 (会计)|更高的利润]]或其他不法目标,隐瞒有效疗法,甚至蓄意制造或加重各种[[疾病]]。依据此类说法,[[公众]]普遍被蒙在鼓里,对真相一无所知。<ref name=Blaskiewicz/><ref name=ladini/>
|G1=Medicine
 
|G2=LifeSciences
部分理论声称:针对多种[[健康]]问题的天然、替代疗法遭到打压;治疗[[艾滋病]](HIV/AIDS)的[[药物]]无效甚至有害;早已发现可治愈所有[[癌症]]的[[解药]]但被向公众隐瞒;[[2019冠状病毒病疫苗|COVID-19疫苗]]无效;以及[[2019冠状病毒病]]本身存在非主流的[[治疗|治愈方法]]。在大多数情况下,阴谋论者将矛头指向制药公司对提升[[利润率]]的追逐。尽管多位作者已证明这些说法皆为虚假,但其中一些作者仍认为,针对[[制药产业#争议|制药行业的其他批评]]是合理的。<ref>综合来源:
|1=zh-cn:博客; zh-tw:部落格;
 
|2=zh-cn:程序; zh-tw:程式;
Radford, Benjamin. [https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/big_pharma_conspiracy_debunked/ 揭穿制药巨头阴谋论 (Big Pharma Conspiracy Debunked)]. centerforinquiry.org, 2016-01-12.
|3=zh-cn:软件; zh-tw:軟體;
 
|4=zh-cn:信息; zh-tw:資訊;
Goldacre, Ben. Bad Pharma. Fourth Estate, 2008. Foreword. ISBN 978-0-00-735074-2.
|5=zh-cn:网络; zh-tw:網路;
 
}}
Novella, Steven. [http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/demonizing-big-pharma/ 妖魔化“制药巨头” (Demonizing 'Big Pharma')]. Science-Based Medicine, 2010-04-22.
{{Short description|关于制药行业的阴谋论}}
 
{{About|各类阴谋论|针对制药行业的一般性批评|制药产业#争议}}
Novella, Steven. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200414115504/https://www.skepticblog.org/2011/05/16/another-cure-for-cancer/ 又一个癌症解药? (ANOTHER CURE FOR CANCER?)]. skepticblog.org, 2011-05-16.
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
 
{{Alternative medicine sidebar|conspiracy}}
Roos, Dave. [https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/no-there-is-no-hidden-cancer-cure.htm 真的存在被隐藏的癌症解药吗? (Is There a Hidden Cure for Cancer?)]. howstuffworks.com, 2018-06-05.
'''制药巨头阴谋论'''{{lang-en|Big Pharma conspiracy theories}}),又称'''大药厂阴谋论''',是一类[[阴谋论]]的总称。此类理论声称,作为一个整体的[[制药产业]](尤其是大型[[公司]])在以危险、隐秘且阴险的方式行事,从而伤害[[患者]]。这些行为包括:为了追求[[利润 (会计)|更高的利润]]或其他不法目标,隐瞒有效疗法,甚至蓄意制造或加重各种[[疾病]]。依据此类说法,[[公众]]普遍被蒙在鼓里,对真相一无所知。<ref name=Blaskiewicz/><ref name=ladini/>
 
部分理论声称:针对多种[[健康]]问题的天然、替代疗法遭到打压;治疗[[艾滋病]](HIV/AIDS)的[[药物]]无效甚至有害;早已发现可治愈所有[[癌症]]的[[解药]]但被向公众隐瞒;[[2019冠状病毒病疫苗|COVID-19疫苗]]无效;以及[[2019冠状病毒病]]本身存在非主流的[[治疗|治愈方法]]。在大多数情况下,阴谋论者将矛头指向制药公司对提升[[利润率]]的追逐。尽管多位作者已证明这些说法皆为虚假,但其中一些作者仍认为,针对[[制药产业#争议|制药行业的其他批评]]是合理的。<ref>综合来源:{{Bulleted list|{{cite web |last1=Radford |first1=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Radford |title=Big Pharma Conspiracy Debunked |trans-title=揭穿制药巨头阴谋论 |url=https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/big_pharma_conspiracy_debunked/ |website=centerforinquiry.org |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=21 June 2018 }}|{{cite book | first = Ben | last = Goldacre |title=Bad Pharma |trans-title=坏制药 |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=2008| chapter=Foreword |isbn=978-0-00-735074-2}}|{{cite web |last=Novella |first=Steven |author-link=Steve Novella |url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/demonizing-big-pharma/ |title=Demonizing 'Big Pharma' |trans-title=妖魔化“制药巨头” |date=22 April 2010 |work=Science-Based Medicine }}|{{cite web |last1=Novella |first1=Steven |author-link=Steven Novella |title=ANOTHER CURE FOR CANCER? |trans-title=又一个癌症解药? |url=http://www.skepticblog.org/2011/05/16/another-cure-for-cancer/ |website=skepticblog.org |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414115504/https://www.skepticblog.org/2011/05/16/another-cure-for-cancer/ }}|{{cite web |last1=Roos |first1=Dave |title=Is There a Hidden Cure for Cancer? |trans-title=真的存在被隐藏的癌症解药吗? |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/no-there-is-no-hidden-cancer-cure.htm |website=howstuffworks.com |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 }}|{{Cite web| title = Don't believe the hype – 10 persistent cancer myths debunked| trans-title=别信炒作——揭穿10个顽固的癌症迷思 | author = Childs, Oliver| work = Cancer Research UK| date = 24 March 2014| access-date = 27 April 2019| url = https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/03/24/dont-believe-the-hype-10-persistent-cancer-myths-debunked/#miracle-cure| archive-date = 3 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131915/https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/03/24/dont-believe-the-hype-10-persistent-cancer-myths-debunked/#miracle-cure}}|{{cite web |last1=Maron |first1=Dina Fine |title=Can We Truly "Cure" Cancer? |trans-title=我们真能“治愈”癌症吗? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-truly-cure-cancer/ |website=scientificamerican.com |access-date=21 June 2018 }}}}</ref>
Childs, Oliver. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131915/https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/03/24/dont-believe-the-hype-10-persistent-cancer-myths-debunked/#miracle-cure 别信炒作——揭穿10个顽固的癌症迷思]. Cancer Research UK, 2014-03-24.
 
Maron, Dina Fine. [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-truly-cure-cancer/ 我们真能“治愈”癌症吗?]. scientificamerican.com.</ref>
 
== 历史与定义 ==
== 历史与定义 ==
据[[史蒂文·诺维拉]](Steven Novella)所述,“制药巨头”(Big Pharma)这一[[术语]]的使用,意味着将[[制药产业]]以一种[[妖魔化]]的形式表现出来;这种描述往往带有[[情绪|情绪化色彩]],且脱离了[[商业]]历史中真实的复杂性。<ref name=Novella/> 写作教授罗伯特·布拉斯基维茨(Robert Blaskiewicz)写道,阴谋论者使用“制药巨头”一词作为“一个抽象实体的简写,该实体{{sic|包含|hide=y}}了公司、监管机构、非政府组织、政客,通常还有医生,所有这些角色都在万亿美元的处方药市场中分了一杯羹”。<ref name=Blaskiewicz/>
据[[史蒂文·诺维拉]](Steven Novella)所述,“制药巨头”(Big Pharma)这一[[术语]]的使用,意味着将[[制药产业]]以一种[[妖魔化]]的形式表现出来;这种描述往往带有[[情绪|情绪化色彩]],且脱离了[[商业]]历史中真实的复杂性。<ref name=Novella/> 写作教授罗伯特·布拉斯基维茨(Robert Blaskiewicz)写道,阴谋论者使用“制药巨头”一词作为“一个抽象实体的简写,该实体包含了公司、监管机构、非政府组织、政客,通常还有医生,所有这些角色都在万亿美元的处方药市场中分了一杯羹”。<ref name=Blaskiewicz/>
布拉斯基维茨认为,制药巨头阴谋论具有四个典型特征:第一,假设阴谋由一小撮恶毒的权贵集团操控;第二,相信公众普遍对真相一无所知;第三,信奉者将缺乏证据视为(阴谋存在的)证据;第四,支持该理论的论据往往是非理性的、误解的或错误的。<ref name=Blaskiewicz>{{cite journal |last=Blaskiewicz |first=Robert |journal=Medical Writing |year=2013 |volume=22 |issue=4 |page=259 |title=The Big Pharma conspiracy theory |doi=10.1179/2047480613Z.000000000142}}</ref>
 
在20世纪70年代和80年代,这一阴谋论由[[安·维格莫尔]](Ann Wigmore)推动,她声称包括癌症和[[艾滋病]]在内的疾病可以通过[[生食|生食饮食]]有效治愈。在此背景下,维格莫尔认为制药产业是让普通民众保持患病状态的阴谋的一部分。<ref name=wig>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 November 2021 |vauthors=Kale S |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/11/injecting-poison-will-never-make-you-healthy-how-the-wellness-industry-turned-its-back-on-covid-science |title=Chakras, crystals and conspiracy theories: how the wellness industry turned its back on Covid science}}</ref>
布拉斯基维茨认为,制药巨头阴谋论具有四个典型特征:第一,假设阴谋由一小撮恶毒的权贵集团操控;第二,相信公众普遍对真相一无所知;第三,信奉者将缺乏证据视为(阴谋存在的)证据;第四,支持该理论的论据往往是非理性的、误解的或错误的。<ref name=Blaskiewicz>Blaskiewicz, Robert. "The Big Pharma conspiracy theory". Medical Writing, 2013, 22(4): 259. doi:10.1179/2047480613Z.000000000142</ref>
记者[[安德烈·皮卡德]](André Picard)在2009年写道,互联网彻底改变了大众科学话语的性质,使其从偶发和尊重的态度转变为广泛传播且基于阴谋论:科学辩论往往被取代,取而代之的是将科学斥为“某种巨大阴谋的一部分”。在阴谋论者的世界观中,“医生、护士、药剂师、药理学家、生物化学家、免疫学家、遗传学家和记者都不值得信任。他们全都被收买了”。<ref name=picard>{{cite news |newspaper= Globe & Mail (Toronto, Canada) |vauthors=Picard A |title=Bloggers, there's no Big Pharma conspiracy |date=5 March 2009 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/bloggers-theres-no-big-pharma-conspiracy/article20445149/}}</ref>
 
2016年意大利的一项研究发现,近半数成年人口认为制药公司阻碍了治疗严重疾病的有效药物的研发。作者指出这属于阴谋论范畴,且此类信仰与主流宗教信仰呈负相关,同时具有反科学和反精英主义的基础。<ref name=ladini>{{cite journal | vauthors= Ladini R | title = Religious and conspiracist? An analysis of the relationship between the dimensions of individual religiosity and belief in a big pharma conspiracy theory | journal = Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica | date = 12 May 2021 | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–50 | issn = 0048-8402 | eissn = 2057-4908 | doi = 10.1017/ipo.2021.15 | pmid = | hdl = 2434/843881 | s2cid = 236584982 | url = | hdl-access = free | quote= The wording of the survey item is as follows: "Pharmaceutical companies hinder the development of effective medications to heal serious diseases because they fear losing profits". }}</ref>
在20世纪70年代和80年代,这一阴谋论由[[安·维格莫尔]](Ann Wigmore)推动,她声称包括癌症和[[艾滋病]]在内的疾病可以通过[[生食|生食饮食]]有效治愈。在此背景下,维格莫尔认为制药产业是让普通民众保持患病状态的阴谋的一部分。<ref name=wig>Kale S. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/11/injecting-poison-will-never-make-you-healthy-how-the-wellness-industry-turned-its-back-on-covid-science Chakras, crystals and conspiracy theories: how the wellness industry turned its back on Covid science]. The Guardian, 2021-11-11.</ref>
 
记者[[安德烈·皮卡德]](André Picard)在2009年写道,互联网彻底改变了大众科学话语的性质,使其从偶发和尊重的态度转变为广泛传播且基于阴谋论:科学辩论往往被取代,取而代之的是将科学斥为“某种巨大阴谋的一部分”。在阴谋论者的世界观中,“医生、护士、药剂师、药理学家、生物化学家、免疫学家、遗传学家和记者都不值得信任。他们全都被收买了”。<ref name=picard>Picard A. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/bloggers-theres-no-big-pharma-conspiracy/article20445149/ Bloggers, there's no Big Pharma conspiracy]. Globe & Mail (Toronto, Canada), 2009-03-05.</ref>
 
2016年意大利的一项研究发现,近半数成年人口认为制药公司阻碍了治疗严重疾病的有效药物的研发。作者指出这属于阴谋论范畴,且此类信仰与主流宗教信仰呈负相关,同时具有反科学和反精英主义的基础。<ref name=ladini>Ladini R. "Religious and conspiracist? An analysis of the relationship between the dimensions of individual religiosity and belief in a big pharma conspiracy theory". Italian Political Science Review, 2021-05-12, 52(1): 33–50. doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.15</ref>
 
== 具体表现 ==
== 具体表现 ==
该阴谋论有多种不同的表现形式。尽管每种形式的叙事各异,但它们无一例外都将“制药巨头”描绘成反派角色。<ref name=Blaskiewicz/>
该阴谋论有多种不同的表现形式。尽管每种形式的叙事各异,但它们无一例外都将“制药巨头”描绘成反派角色。<ref name=Blaskiewicz/>
=== 艾滋病(HIV/AIDS) ===
=== 艾滋病(HIV/AIDS) ===
自[[艾滋病]]流行伊始,便出现了许多危险的假说来解释该疾病的起源和性质。一种阴谋论声称,艾滋病是由[[美国联邦政府]]制造的,旨在控制或消灭[[男同性恋]]者及[[非裔美国人]]。此外,还有说法称存在一种针对HIV/AIDS的治愈方法,但被故意向穷人隐瞒。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lancet |first=The |date=2005-02-05 |title=Conspiracy theories of HIV/AIDS |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=365 |issue=9458 |page=448 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17875-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=15705438|s2cid=40785489 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=Jacob |date=January 2015 |title=Rumors and Realities: Making Sense of HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Narratives and Contemporary Legends |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=e43–e50 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.302284 |pmid=25393166|pmc=4265931 }}</ref> 其他理论则声称,尽管病毒有害,但[[抗逆转录病毒药物]]的风险超过了其益处。这些药物被描述为毒素,由被制药行业腐蚀的医生负责散播。<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Specter |first=Michael |date=2007-03-05 |title=The AIDS Denialists |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/12/the-denialists |access-date=2022-05-06 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref>
自[[艾滋病]]流行伊始,便出现了许多危险的假说来解释该疾病的起源和性质。一种阴谋论声称,艾滋病是由[[美国联邦政府]]制造的,旨在控制或消灭[[男同性恋]]者及[[非裔美国人]]。此外,还有说法称存在一种针对HIV/AIDS的治愈方法,但被故意向穷人隐瞒。<ref>The Lancet. "Conspiracy theories of HIV/AIDS". 2005-02-05, 365(9458): 448. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17875-1</ref><ref>Heller, Jacob. "Rumors and Realities: Making Sense of HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Narratives and Contemporary Legends". American Journal of Public Health, 2015-01, 105(1): e43–e50. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302284</ref> 其他理论则声称,尽管病毒有害,但[[抗逆转录病毒药物]]的风险超过了其益处。这些药物被描述为毒素,由被制药行业腐蚀的医生负责散播。<ref>Specter, Michael. [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/12/the-denialists The AIDS Denialists]. The New Yorker, 2007-03-05.</ref>
记者[[西莉亚·法伯]](Celia Farber)在2006年为《[[哈泼斯杂志]]》(Harper's Magazine)撰写的专栏中声称,抗逆转录病毒药物[[奈韦拉平]]是“科学-医疗复合体”传播有毒药物阴谋的一部分。<ref name="Schaffer">{{cite journal |last=Schaffer |first=A. (2006) |title=Drug trials and error: conspiracy theories about big pharma would amuse, if they were not a matter of life and death |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/review/405744/drug-trials-and-error/ |journal=MIT Technology Review |date=May 2006 |volume=109 |issue=2 |page=70, May 1}} {{subscription required}}</ref> 法伯称艾滋病并非由HIV引起,且奈韦拉平在临床试验中被不道德地用于孕妇,导致了一例死亡。<ref name="Schaffer" /> 法伯的理论和主张遭到了科学家的驳斥,但据研究人员[[赛斯·卡利奇曼]](Seth Kalichman)指出,由此引发的关注成为了[[艾滋病重估运动|艾滋病否认主义]]的一个突破性时刻。<ref name="Kalichmann">{{cite book |last1=Nattrass |first1=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mtDBCDwxugC&pg=PA183 |title=Denying AIDS: conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and human tragedy |last2=Kalichman |first2=S. |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-79475-4 |page=183 |author-link2=Seth Kalichman}}</ref>
 
受艾滋病否认主义者[[彼得·杜斯伯格]](Peter Duesberg)的影响,[[南非]]前总统[[塔博·姆贝基]]曾推行拒绝向艾滋病患者提供治疗的政策。据估计,这一举措导致了超过30万人过早死亡。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chigwedere |first1=Pride |last2=Seage |first2=George R. III |last3=Gruskin |first3=Sofia |last4=Lee |first4=Tun-Hou |last5=Essex |first5=M. |date=2008-12-01 |title=Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |language=en-US |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=410–415 |doi=10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818a6cd5 |pmid=19186354 |s2cid=11458278 |issn=1525-4135|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weigmann |first=Katrin |date=2018-02-28 |title=The genesis of a conspiracy theory |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=19 |issue=4 |article-number=e45935 |doi=10.15252/embr.201845935 |pmid=29491005 |pmc=5891410 }}</ref>
记者[[西莉亚·法伯]](Celia Farber)在2006年为《[[哈泼斯杂志]]》(Harper's Magazine)撰写的专栏中声称,抗逆转录病毒药物[[奈韦拉平]]是“科学-医疗复合体”传播有毒药物阴谋的一部分。<ref name="Schaffer">Schaffer, A. [http://www.technologyreview.com/review/405744/drug-trials-and-error/ Drug trials and error: conspiracy theories about big pharma would amuse, if they were not a matter of life and death]. MIT Technology Review, 2006-05, 109(2): 70.</ref> 法伯称艾滋病并非由HIV引起,且奈韦拉平在临床试验中被不道德地用于孕妇,导致了一例死亡。<ref name="Schaffer" /> 法伯的理论和主张遭到了科学家的驳斥,但据研究人员[[赛斯·卡利奇曼]](Seth Kalichman)指出,由此引发的关注成为了[[艾滋病重估运动|艾滋病否认主义]]的一个突破性时刻。<ref name="Kalichmann">Nattrass N., Kalichman S. "Denying AIDS: conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and human tragedy". Springer, 2009. Page 183. ISBN 978-0-387-79475-4</ref>
 
受艾滋病否认主义者[[彼得·杜斯伯格]](Peter Duesberg)的影响,[[南非]]前总统[[塔博·姆贝基]]曾推行拒绝向艾滋病患者提供治疗的政策。据估计,这一举措导致了超过30万人过早死亡。<ref>Chigwedere, Pride et al. "Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2008-12-01, 49(4): 410–415. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818a6cd5</ref><ref>Weigmann, Katrin. "The genesis of a conspiracy theory". EMBO Reports, 2018-02-28, 19(4): e45935. doi:10.15252/embr.201845935</ref>
 
=== 癌症解药 ===
=== 癌症解药 ===
一个反复出现的阴谋论声称,制药产业实际上已经掌握了[[癌症]]的治愈方法,但将其隐瞒,以便能够继续从当前给予癌症患者的“无效”治疗中赚取数十亿美元。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Could Somebody Be Hiding The Cure For Cancer? Our Experts Explain Why Not |url=https://www.worldwidecancerresearch.org/news-opinion/2020/march/could-somebody-be-hiding-the-cure-for-cancer/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Worldwide Cancer Research |language=en}}</ref> 根据2005年的一项调查,27%的美国公众相信这一说法。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gansler |first1=Ted |last2=Henley |first2=S. Jane |last3=Stein |first3=Kevin |last4=Nehl |first4=Eric J. |last5=Smigal |first5=Carol |last6=Slaughter |first6=Edwin |year=2005 |title=Sociodemographic determinants of cancer treatment health literacy |journal=Cancer |publisher=Wiley |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=653–660 |doi=10.1002/cncr.21194 |issn=0008-543X |pmid=15983986 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 该论点认为,制药公司通过开发高利润、单一用途的治疗方法,而不是专注于所谓的万能解药,来拖慢癌症全面治愈的研究进程。<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jake |title=How Big Pharma Holds Back in the War on Cancer |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-big-pharma-holds-back-in-the-war-on-cancer |access-date=21 June 2018 |newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=23 April 2014 }}</ref>
一个反复出现的阴谋论声称,制药产业实际上已经掌握了[[癌症]]的治愈方法,但将其隐瞒,以便能够继续从当前给予癌症患者的“无效”治疗中赚取数十亿美元。<ref>[https://www.worldwidecancerresearch.org/news-opinion/2020/march/could-somebody-be-hiding-the-cure-for-cancer/ Could Somebody Be Hiding The Cure For Cancer? Our Experts Explain Why Not]. Worldwide Cancer Research, 2020.</ref> 根据2005年的一项调查,27%的美国公众相信这一说法。<ref>Gansler, Ted et al. "Sociodemographic determinants of cancer treatment health literacy". Cancer, 2005, 104(3): 653–660. doi:10.1002/cncr.21194</ref> 该论点认为,制药公司通过开发高利润、单一用途的治疗方法,而不是专注于所谓的万能解药,来拖慢癌症全面治愈的研究进程。<ref>Bernstein, Jake. [https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-big-pharma-holds-back-in-the-war-on-cancer How Big Pharma Holds Back in the War on Cancer]. The Daily Beast, 2014-04-23.</ref>
2024年8月[[沃帕斯航空2283号班机空难]]发生后,社交媒体上出现贴文,称癌症研究员莱昂纳多·费雷拉(Leonardo Ferreira)是乘客之一。[[巴西放射学与诊断成像学院]]发布了讣告,阴谋论随即传播开来,声称制药巨头策划了一名接近发现突破性癌症疗法的人士的死亡。费雷拉随后证实他并未死亡;且航班乘客名单上并无此人。<ref>{{cite web | publisher=Reuters | title=Fact Check: Cancer researcher Leonardo Ferreira misidentified as victim of Brazil plane crash | date=14 August 2024 | url=https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/cancer-researcher-leonardo-ferreira-misidentified-victim-brazil-plane-crash-2024-08-14/ | access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
 
2024年8月[[沃帕斯航空2283号班机空难]]发生后,社交媒体上出现贴文,称癌症研究员莱昂纳多·费雷拉(Leonardo Ferreira)是乘客之一。[[巴西放射学与诊断成像学院]]发布了讣告,阴谋论随即传播开来,声称制药巨头策划了一名接近发现突破性癌症疗法的人士的死亡。费雷拉随后证实他并未死亡;且航班乘客名单上并无此人。<ref>Reuters. [https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/cancer-researcher-leonardo-ferreira-misidentified-victim-brazil-plane-crash-2024-08-14/ Fact Check: Cancer researcher Leonardo Ferreira misidentified as victim of Brazil plane crash]. 2024-08-14.</ref>
 
=== 疫苗 ===
=== 疫苗 ===
{{see also|疫苗犹豫}}
关于疫苗是由制药产业制造用来让人致病或改变[[人类DNA]]的观点由来已久,<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/montenegro/en/stories/covid-19-vaccine-does-not-change-human-dna The COVID-19 vaccine does not change human DNA]. UNICEF.</ref><ref>Forster, Victoria. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2021/01/11/covid-19-vaccines-cant-alter-your-dna-heres-why/ Covid-19 Vaccines Can't Alter Your DNA, Here's Why]. Forbes, 2021-01-11.</ref> 但在COVID-19大流行期间,这种观点又获得了新生。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220130054328/https://time.com/6141699/anti-vaccine-mandate-movement-rally/ How the Anti-Vax Movement Is Taking Over the Right]. Time.</ref><ref>Lee, Jon D. [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/familiarity-strangest-vaccine-conspiracy-theories/617572/ The Utter Familiarity of Even the Strangest Vaccine Conspiracy Theories]. The Atlantic, 2021-01-11.</ref>
关于疫苗是由制药产业制造用来让人致病或改变[[人类DNA]]的观点由来已久,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The COVID-19 vaccine does not change human DNA |url=https://www.unicef.org/montenegro/en/stories/covid-19-vaccine-does-not-change-human-dna |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref><!--- Note that while Forbes "sites" or "contributors" is generally considered an unreliable source, this individual (Victoria Forster) can be searched and found as a cancer researcher so is likely to be enough of an expert for this to be reliable. ---><ref>{{Cite web |last=Forster |first=Victoria |title=Covid-19 Vaccines Can't Alter Your DNA, Here's Why |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2021/01/11/covid-19-vaccines-cant-alter-your-dna-heres-why/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> 但在COVID-19大流行期间,这种观点又获得了新生。<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How the Anti-Vax Movement Is Taking Over the Right |url=https://time.com/6141699/anti-vaccine-mandate-movement-rally/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130054328/https://time.com/6141699/anti-vaccine-mandate-movement-rally/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jon D. |date=2021-01-11 |title=The Utter Familiarity of Even the Strangest Vaccine Conspiracy Theories |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/familiarity-strangest-vaccine-conspiracy-theories/617572/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>
 
声称[[MMR疫苗与自闭症|疫苗会导致自闭症]]的阴谋论可追溯到1998年2月发表在《[[柳叶刀 (期刊)|柳叶刀]]》(''The Lancet'')上的一项研究。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Vaccines Cause Autism? |url=https://cpp-hov.netlify.app//getting-vaccinated/vaccine-faq/do-vaccines-cause-autism |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=cpp-hov.netlify.app |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cummins |first=Eleanor |date=2019-02-02 |title=How autism myths came to fuel anti-vaccination movements |url=https://www.popsci.com/timeline-autism-myth-anti-vaccine/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[安德鲁·韦克菲尔德]]声称[[MMR疫苗]]与自闭症之间存在联系。该研究后来被证实为[[安德鲁·韦克菲尔德#MMR疫苗争议与欺诈调查|欺诈性的]],并导致韦克菲尔德被吊销行医资格。《柳叶刀》也撤回了这篇文章。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=The Editors Of The Lancet |date=2010-02-06 |title=Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60175-4/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=375 |issue=9713 |page=445 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=20137807 |s2cid=26364726|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 尽管已有大量研究证伪了自闭症与疫苗之间的联系,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=S. Gerber |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Offit |first2=Paul A. |date=2010-07-22 |title=Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=456–461 |doi=10.1086/596476 |pmid=19128068 |pmc=2908388 }}</ref> 该阴谋论仍以各种形式存续,并得到了包括[[唐纳德·特朗普]]在内的人士的传播。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-05 |title=Trump claims vaccines and autism are linked - but his own experts vehemently disagree |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/trump-vaccines-autism-links-anti-vaxxer-us-president-false-vaccine-a8331836.html |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Einbinder |first=J. K. Trotter, Nicole |title=The powerful media mogul at the core of Trump's debunked views on vaccines and autism |url=https://www.insider.com/how-donald-trump-became-an-anti-vaccinationist-2019-9 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
声称[[MMR疫苗与自闭症|疫苗会导致自闭症]]的阴谋论可追溯到1998年2月发表在《[[柳叶刀 (期刊)|柳叶刀]]》(''The Lancet'')上的一项研究。<ref>[https://cpp-hov.netlify.app//getting-vaccinated/vaccine-faq/do-vaccines-cause-autism Do Vaccines Cause Autism?].</ref><ref>Cummins, Eleanor. [https://www.popsci.com/timeline-autism-myth-anti-vaccine/ How autism myths came to fuel anti-vaccination movements]. Popular Science, 2019-02-02.</ref> [[安德鲁·韦克菲尔德]]声称[[MMR疫苗]]与自闭症之间存在联系。该研究后来被证实为[[安德鲁·韦克菲尔德#MMR疫苗争议与欺诈调查|欺诈性的]],并导致韦克菲尔德被吊销行医资格。《柳叶刀》也撤回了这篇文章。<ref>The Editors Of The Lancet. "Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". The Lancet, 2010-02-06, 375(9713): 445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4</ref> 尽管已有大量研究证伪了自闭症与疫苗之间的联系,<ref>S. Gerber, Jeffrey; Offit, Paul A. "Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses". Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2010-07-22, 48(4): 456–461. doi:10.1086/596476</ref> 该阴谋论仍以各种形式存续,并得到了包括[[唐纳德·特朗普]]在内的人士的传播。<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/trump-vaccines-autism-links-anti-vaxxer-us-president-false-vaccine-a8331836.html Trump claims vaccines and autism are linked - but his own experts vehemently disagree]. The Independent, 2018-05-05.</ref><ref>Einbinder, J. K. [https://www.insider.com/how-donald-trump-became-an-anti-vaccinationist-2019-9 The powerful media mogul at the core of Trump's debunked views on vaccines and autism]. Insider.</ref>
其他阴谋论则暗示疫苗被用于植入[[微芯片]]以进行[[监控]]和[[精神控制]]。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sriskandarajah |first=Ike |date=2021-06-05 |title=Where did the microchip vaccine conspiracy theory come from anyway? |url=https://www.theverge.com/22516823/covid-vaccine-microchip-conspiracy-theory-explained-reddit |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> 其中,[[比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会]]被指控企图通过全球疫苗接种计划为全世界人口植入微芯片。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |title=The Long, Strange History of Bill Gates Population Control Conspiracy Theories |url=https://www.typeinvestigations.org/investigation/2020/05/12/the-long-strange-history-of-bill-gates-population-control-conspiracy-theories/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Type Investigations |date=12 May 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Are Bill Gates and the ID2020 Coalition Using COVID-19 To Build Global Surveillance State? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/bill-gates-id2020/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Snopes.com |date=22 April 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS News {{!}} The posts on social media about you and coronavirus are considered the most widespread coronavirus falsehoods that exist ... To be clear, do you want a vaccine so that you can implant microchips into people? |url=https://twitter.com/cbsnews/status/1286073735561322505 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
 
其他阴谋论则暗示疫苗被用于植入[[微芯片]]以进行[[监控]]和[[精神控制]]。<ref>Sriskandarajah, Ike. [https://www.theverge.com/22516823/covid-vaccine-microchip-conspiracy-theory-explained-reddit Where did the microchip vaccine conspiracy theory come from anyway?]. The Verge, 2021-06-05.</ref> 其中,[[比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会]]被指控企图通过全球疫苗接种计划为全世界人口植入微芯片。<ref>Joyce, Kathryn. [https://www.typeinvestigations.org/investigation/2020/05/12/the-long-strange-history-of-bill-gates-population-control-conspiracy-theories/ The Long, Strange History of Bill Gates Population Control Conspiracy Theories]. Type Investigations, 2020-05-12.</ref><ref>[https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/bill-gates-id2020/ Are Bill Gates and the ID2020 Coalition Using COVID-19 To Build Global Surveillance State?]. Snopes.com, 2020-04-22.</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/cbsnews/status/1286073735561322505 CBS News Twitter Status]. 2020.</ref>
 
=== COVID-19 ===
=== COVID-19 ===
[[2019冠状病毒病疫情]]被各种阴谋论所包围,包括断言COVID-19根本不存在,或仅仅是一种轻微的[[流行性感冒|流感]]。<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-23 |title=Fact check: Flu does not kill 14 times more people than COVID-19 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-flu-mortality-idUSKCN26E3FL |access-date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-10 |title=Fact check: The virus that causes COVID-19 exists, can be tested for and is not the flu |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-covid-flu-idUSKBN2613BS |access-date=2022-08-31}}</ref>
[[2019冠状病毒病疫情]]被各种阴谋论所包围,包括断言COVID-19根本不存在,或仅仅是一种轻微的[[流行性感冒|流感]]。<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-flu-mortality-idUSKCN26E3FL Fact check: Flu does not kill 14 times more people than COVID-19]. Reuters, 2020-09-23.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-covid-flu-idUSKBN2613BS Fact check: The virus that causes COVID-19 exists, can be tested for and is not the flu]. Reuters, 2020-09-10.</ref>
在疫情期间,关于[[2019冠状病毒病来源争议|疾病起源]]的阴谋论激增,例如声称病毒是在实验室中制造的。然而,强有力的证据表明,致病病毒[[严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2|SARS-CoV-2]]是属于[[冠状病毒|冠状病毒亚科]]的自然进化毒株。<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID: Top 10 current conspiracy theories |url=https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2020/04/covid-top-10-current-conspiracy-theories/ |access-date=2021-07-25 |website=Alliance for Science |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-09 |title=Covid: WHO says 'extremely unlikely' virus leaked from lab in China |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55996728 |access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>
 
2020年的视频《[[Plandemic|大流行病:COVID-19背后的隐秘议程]]》(''Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19'')宣扬了阴谋论主张,即疫苗是“造成医疗伤害的敛财工具”。在视频中,前研究科学家[[朱迪·米科维茨]](Judy Mikovits)散播了这样一种观念:即“制药巨头”、[[比尔·盖茨]]和[[世界卫生组织]]领导了一个阴谋,他们结成“循环权贵集团”,意图杀害美国人。<ref name="miko">{{cite news |date=14 May 2020 |title=A disgraced scientist and a viral video: how a Covid conspiracy theory started |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/14/coronavirus-viral-video-plandemic-judy-mikovits-conspiracy-theories |vauthors=McGreal C}}</ref> 该视频于2020年5月4日发布,获得了数百万次观看,成为传播最广的COVID-19虚假信息之一。
在疫情期间,关于[[2019冠状病毒病来源争议|疾病起源]]的阴谋论激增,例如声称病毒是在实验室中制造的。然而,强有力的证据表明,致病病毒[[严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2|SARS-CoV-2]]是属于[[冠状病毒|冠状病毒亚科]]的自然进化毒株。<ref>[https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2020/04/covid-top-10-current-conspiracy-theories/ COVID: Top 10 current conspiracy theories]. Alliance for Science.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55996728 Covid: WHO says 'extremely unlikely' virus leaked from lab in China]. BBC News, 2021-02-09.</ref>
 
2020年的视频《[[Plandemic|大流行病:COVID-19背后的隐秘议程]]》(''Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19'')宣扬了阴谋论主张,即疫苗是“造成医疗伤害的敛财工具”。在视频中,前研究科学家[[朱迪·米科维茨]](Judy Mikovits)散播了这样一种观念:即“制药巨头”、[[比尔·盖茨]]和[[世界卫生组织]]领导了一个阴谋,他们结成“循环权贵集团”,意图杀害美国人。<ref name="miko">McGreal C. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/14/coronavirus-viral-video-plandemic-judy-mikovits-conspiracy-theories A disgraced scientist and a viral video: how a Covid conspiracy theory started]. The Guardian, 2020-05-14.</ref> 该视频于2020年5月4日发布,获得了数百万次观看,成为传播最广的COVID-19虚假信息之一。
 
=== 自然疗法 ===
=== 自然疗法 ===
作家[[凯文·特鲁多]](Kevin Trudeau)在其著作《[[他们不想让你知道的自然疗法]]》(''Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About'')中声称,针对包括[[癌症]]、[[疱疹]]、[[关节炎]]、[[艾滋病]]、[[胃食管反流病|酸流流病]]、[[糖尿病]]、[[多发性硬化症]]、[[红斑狼疮]]、[[慢性疲劳综合症]]、[[注意力缺陷多动障碍]]、[[肌营养不良症]]在内的严重疾病,都存在全天然的治愈方法,但这些方法都被[[美国食品药品监督管理局]](FDA)、[[美国联邦贸易委员会]](FTC)以及主要的食品和药物公司蓄意向公众隐瞒和打压。<ref>[[Michael Shermer]], "[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cures-and-cons/ Cures and Cons: Natural scams "he" doesn't want you to know about]," ''[[Scientific American]]'', March 2006.</ref> 该书自2005年出版以来一直是争议的焦点,并面临广泛的欺诈指控。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Warner |first=Melanie |date=2005-08-28 |title=After Jail and More, Salesman Scores Big With Cure-All Book |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/business/media/after-jail-and-more-salesman-scores-big-with-cureall-book.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Mike |date=2005-08-10 |title=Cancer 'Cures' Are Empty Promises in Kevin Trudeau's 'Natural Cures' Book {{!}} Quackwatch |url=https://quackwatch.org/infomercial/reports/nycpb/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
作家[[凯文·特鲁多]](Kevin Trudeau)在其著作《[[他们不想让你知道的自然疗法]]》(''Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About'')中声称,针对包括[[癌症]]、[[疱疹]]、[[关节炎]]、[[艾滋病]]、[[胃食管反流病]]、[[糖尿病]]、[[多发性硬化症]]、[[红斑狼疮]]、[[慢性疲劳综合症]]、[[注意力缺陷多动障碍]]、[[肌营养不良症]]在内的严重疾病,都存在全天然的治愈方法,但这些方法都被[[美国食品药品监督管理局]](FDA)、[[美国联邦贸易委员会]](FTC)以及主要的食品和药物公司蓄意向公众隐瞒和打压。<ref>Michael Shermer, "[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cures-and-cons/ Cures and Cons: Natural scams "he" doesn't want you to know about]," ''[[Scientific American]]'', March 2006.</ref> 该书自2005年出版以来一直是争议的焦点,并面临广泛的欺诈指控。<ref>Warner, Melanie. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/business/media/after-jail-and-more-salesman-scores-big-with-cureall-book.html After Jail and More, Salesman Scores Big With Cure-All Book]. The New York Times, 2005-08-28.</ref><ref>Powell, Mike. [https://quackwatch.org/infomercial/reports/nycpb/ Cancer 'Cures' Are Empty Promises in Kevin Trudeau's 'Natural Cures' Book]. Quackwatch, 2005-08-10.</ref>
 
== 评价 ==
== 评价 ==
阴谋论支持者常见的一种说法是,制药公司通过在经济上向研究人员和期刊施压来压制对其药物的负面研究。怀疑论者[[本杰明·拉德福德]](Benjamin Radford)虽然承认这些说法“确实有几分真实性”,但也指出,事实上顶级期刊定期会发表批评特定药物的论文。<ref name="Radford">{{cite web |last1=Radford |first1=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Radford|title=Big Pharma Conspiracy Debunked |url=https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/big_pharma_conspiracy_debunked/ |website=centerforinquiry.org |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> 拉德福德指出的一个著名例子是发表在《[[英国医学杂志]]》(BMJ)上的一项系统综述,该综述表明[[扑热息痛]](对乙酰氨基酚)对下背痛无效,且对[[骨关节炎]]疗效甚微。<ref name="Radford"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Machado | first1=G. C. | last2=Maher | first2=C. G. | last3=Ferreira | first3=P. H. | last4=Pinheiro | first4=M. B. | last5=Lin | first5=C.-W. C. | last6=Day | first6=R. O. | last7=McLachlan | first7=A. J. | last8=Ferreira | first8=M. L. | title=Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials | journal=BMJ | volume=350 | issue=mar31 2 | date=31 March 2015 | issn=1756-1833 | doi=10.1136/bmj.h1225 | article-number=h1225| pmc=4381278 | pmid=25828856 }}</ref>
阴谋论支持者常见的一种说法是,制药公司通过在经济上向研究人员和期刊施压来压制对其药物的负面研究。怀疑论者[[本杰明·拉德福德]](Benjamin Radford)虽然承认这些说法“确实有几分真实性”,但也指出,事实上顶级期刊定期会发表批评特定药物的论文。<ref name="Radford">Radford, Benjamin. [https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/big_pharma_conspiracy_debunked/ Big Pharma Conspiracy Debunked]. centerforinquiry.org, 2016-01-12.</ref> 拉德福德指出的一个著名例子是发表在《[[英国医学杂志]]》(BMJ)上的一项系统综述,该综述表明[[扑热息痛]](对乙酰氨基酚)对下背痛无效,且对[[骨关节炎]]疗效甚微。<ref name="Radford"/><ref>Machado, G. C. et al. "Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials". BMJ, 2015-03-31, 350: h1225. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1225</ref>
[[本·戈尔达克]]在2012年的著作《[[坏制药]]》(''Bad Pharma'',又译《制药业的真相》)中严厉批评了制药行业,但拒绝接受任何阴谋论。他认为,这些问题是由“普通人造成的,但他们中许多人可能甚至不知道自己做了什么”。<ref name="bad-pharma">{{cite book | first = Ben | last = Goldacre |title=Bad Pharma |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=2008| chapter=Foreword |isbn=978-0-00-735074-2}}</ref>
 
[[史蒂文·诺维拉]]写道,虽然制药行业有许多方面确实值得批评,但对其进行“妖魔化”既愤世嫉俗又在智力上表现得懒惰。<ref name=Novella>{{cite web |last=Novella |first=Steven |author-link=Steve Novella |url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/demonizing-big-pharma/ |title=Demonizing 'Big Pharma' |date=22 April 2010 |work=Science-Based Medicine}}</ref> 他进一步认为,对“制药巨头”夸大其词的攻击实际上让制药行业“逃脱了责任”,因为这些攻击分散了人们的注意力,并玷污了那些更深思熟虑的批评。<ref name=Novella/> 他还在[[Skepticblog]]上撰文,指出伴随阴谋论思维而来的通常是对癌症研究的普遍误解和耸人听闻。他指出,癌症的治愈方法并不是被隐藏了,而是它们并不像媒体最初吹嘘的那样有效,它们要么导致死胡同,要么指向进一步的研究目标,要么降低了特定类型癌症的死亡率。<ref name="novella-cancer">{{cite web |last1=Novella |first1=Steven |author-link=Steven Novella |title=ANOTHER CURE FOR CANCER? |url=http://www.skepticblog.org/2011/05/16/another-cure-for-cancer/ |website=skepticblog.org |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414115504/https://www.skepticblog.org/2011/05/16/another-cure-for-cancer/ }}</ref>
[[本·戈尔达克]]在2012年的著作《[[坏制药]]》(''Bad Pharma'',又译《制药业的真相》)中严厉批评了制药行业,但拒绝接受任何阴谋论。他认为,这些问题是由“普通人造成的,但他们中许多人可能甚至不知道自己做了什么”。<ref name="bad-pharma">Goldacre, Ben. Bad Pharma. Fourth Estate, 2008. Foreword.</ref>
戴夫·鲁斯(Dave Roos)和奥利弗·蔡尔兹(Oliver Childs)批评了这样一种观点,即隐瞒癌症解药比推出解药能带来更多利润。<ref name="Roos-cancer">{{cite web |last1=Roos |first1=Dave |title=Is There a Hidden Cure for Cancer? |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/no-there-is-no-hidden-cancer-cure.htm |website=howstuffworks.com |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="cancer-myths">{{Cite web| title = Don't believe the hype – 10 persistent cancer myths debunked| author = Childs, Oliver| work = Cancer Research UK| date = 24 March 2014| access-date = 27 April 2019| url = https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/03/24/dont-believe-the-hype-10-persistent-cancer-myths-debunked/#miracle-cure| archive-date = 3 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131915/https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/03/24/dont-believe-the-hype-10-persistent-cancer-myths-debunked/#miracle-cure}}</ref> 迪娜·法恩·马龙(Dina Fine Maron)进一步指出,这种观点在很大程度上忽略了一个事实,即癌症不是一种单一的疾病,而是许多种疾病,而且在抗击癌症方面已经取得了长足的进步。<ref name="maron-cancer">{{cite web |last1=Maron |first1=Dina Fine |title=Can We Truly "Cure" Cancer? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-truly-cure-cancer/ |website=scientificamerican.com |access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref>
 
2016年,[[戴维·罗伯特·格兰姆斯]](David Robert Grimes)发表了一篇研究论文,阐述了阴谋论在数学上的不可行性。<ref name="Grimes p=e0147905">{{cite journal | last=Grimes | first=David Robert | editor-last=Bauch | editor-first=Chris T. | title=On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=11 | issue=1 | date=26 January 2016 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147905 | article-number=e0147905| pmc=4728076 | pmid=26812482 | bibcode=2016PLoSO..1147905G | doi-access=free }}</ref> 他估算,如果存在一个制药巨头隐瞒癌症解药的阴谋,由于保守秘密所需的人数庞大,该阴谋将在大约3.2年后败露。<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berezow |first1=Alex |title=Maths study shows conspiracies 'prone to unravelling' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35411684 |access-date=25 June 2018 |agency=Science and Environment |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
[[史蒂文·诺维拉]]写道,虽然制药行业有许多方面确实值得批评,但对其进行“妖魔化”既愤世嫉俗又在智力上表现得懒惰。<ref name=Novella>Novella, Steven. [http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/demonizing-big-pharma/ Demonizing 'Big Pharma']. Science-Based Medicine, 2010-04-22.</ref> 他进一步认为,对“制药巨头”夸大其词的攻击实际上让制药行业“逃脱了责任”,因为这些攻击分散了人们的注意力,并玷污了那些更深思熟虑的批评。<ref name=Novella/> 他还在[[Skepticblog]]上撰文,指出伴随阴谋论思维而来的通常是对癌症研究的普遍误解和耸人听闻。他指出,癌症的治愈方法并不是被隐藏了,而是它们并不像媒体最初吹嘘的那样有效,它们要么导致死胡同,要么指向进一步的研究目标,要么降低了特定类型癌症的死亡率。<ref name="novella-cancer">Novella, Steven. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200414115504/https://www.skepticblog.org/2011/05/16/another-cure-for-cancer/ ANOTHER CURE FOR CANCER?]. skepticblog.org, 2011-05-16.</ref>
 
戴夫·鲁斯(Dave Roos)和奥利弗·蔡尔兹(Oliver Childs)批评了这样一种观点,即隐瞒癌症解药比推出解药能带来更多利润。<ref name="Roos-cancer">Roos, Dave. [https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/no-there-is-no-hidden-cancer-cure.htm Is There a Hidden Cure for Cancer?]. howstuffworks.com, 2018-06-05.</ref><ref name="cancer-myths">Childs, Oliver. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131915/https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/03/24/dont-believe-the-hype-10-persistent-cancer-myths-debunked/#miracle-cure Don't believe the hype – 10 persistent cancer myths debunked]. Cancer Research UK, 2014-03-24.</ref> 迪娜·法恩·马龙(Dina Fine Maron)进一步指出,这种观点在很大程度上忽略了一个事实,即癌症不是一种单一的疾病,而是许多种疾病,而且在抗击癌症方面已经取得了长足的进步。<ref name="maron-cancer">Maron, Dina Fine. [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-truly-cure-cancer/ Can We Truly "Cure" Cancer?]. Scientific American.</ref>
 
2016年,[[戴维·罗伯特·格兰姆斯]](David Robert Grimes)发表了一篇研究论文,阐述了阴谋论在数学上的不可行性。<ref name="Grimes p=e0147905">Grimes, David Robert. "On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs". PLOS ONE, 2016-01-26, 11(1): e0147905. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147905</ref> 他估算,如果存在一个制药巨头隐瞒癌症解药的阴谋,由于保守秘密所需的人数庞大,该阴谋将在大约3.2年后败露。<ref>Berezow, Alex. [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35411684 Maths study shows conspiracies 'prone to unravelling']. BBC, 2016-01-26.</ref>
 
== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==
{{Portal|商业|历史|政治}}
 
《[[坏制药]]》:英国医生兼学者本·戈尔达克2012年出版的书籍
《[[坏制药]]》:英国医生兼学者本·戈尔达克2012年出版的书籍
《{{Link-en|制药巨头 (书籍)|Big Pharma (book)|制药巨头}}》:英国记者杰基·劳(Jacky Law)2006年出版的书籍
 
{{Link-en|邪恶公司|Evil corporation}}
《制药巨头》(Big Pharma):英国记者杰基·劳(Jacky Law)2006年出版的书籍
 
邪恶公司(Evil corporation)
 
[[顺势疗法]]
[[顺势疗法]]
[[阴谋论列表]]
[[阴谋论列表]]
[[被认定是伪科学的主题列表]]
[[被认定是伪科学的主题列表]]
[[游说集团]]
[[游说集团]]
** {{Link-en|制药游说|Pharmaceutical lobby}}
** 制药游说(Pharmaceutical lobby)
** {{Link-en|药品营销|Pharmaceutical marketing}}
** 药品营销(Pharmaceutical marketing)
 
[[疫苗犹豫]]
[[疫苗犹豫]]
{{Link-en|反疫苗激进主义|Vaccine resistance activism}}
 
反疫苗激进主义(Vaccine resistance activism)
 
== 参考资料 ==
== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />
 
== 延伸阅读 ==
== 延伸阅读 ==
{{refbegin}}
 
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Grimes DR |title=Medical disinformation and the unviable nature of COVID-19 conspiracy theories |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=3 |article-number=e0245900 |date=2021 |pmid=33711025 |pmc=7954317 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245900 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645900G |url=|doi-access=free }}
Grimes DR. "Medical disinformation and the unviable nature of COVID-19 conspiracy theories". PLOS ONE, 2021, 16(3): e0245900. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245900
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Jamieson KH |title=How conspiracists exploited COVID-19 science |journal=Nat Hum Behav |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1464–1465 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34725514 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01217-2 |s2cid=240422182 |url=|doi-access=free }}
 
*{{refend}}
Jamieson KH. "How conspiracists exploited COVID-19 science". Nat Hum Behav, 2021-11, 5(11): 1464–1465. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01217-2
{{Conspiracy theories}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Pharma Conspiracy Theory}}
[[Category:健康相关阴谋论]]
[[Category:健康相关阴谋论]]
[[Category:制药产业]]
[[Category:制药产业]]
[[Category:反公司激进主义]]
[[Category:反公司激进主义]]

2026年2月11日 (三) 18:05的最新版本

制药巨头阴谋论英语Big Pharma conspiracy theories),又称大药厂阴谋论,是一类阴谋论的总称。此类理论声称,作为一个整体的制药产业(尤其是大型公司)在以危险、隐秘且阴险的方式行事,从而伤害患者。这些行为包括:为了追求更高的利润或其他不法目标,隐瞒有效疗法,甚至蓄意制造或加重各种疾病。依据此类说法,公众普遍被蒙在鼓里,对真相一无所知。[1][2]

部分理论声称:针对多种健康问题的天然、替代疗法遭到打压;治疗艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)的药物无效甚至有害;早已发现可治愈所有癌症解药但被向公众隐瞒;COVID-19疫苗无效;以及2019冠状病毒病本身存在非主流的治愈方法。在大多数情况下,阴谋论者将矛头指向制药公司对提升利润率的追逐。尽管多位作者已证明这些说法皆为虚假,但其中一些作者仍认为,针对制药行业的其他批评是合理的。[3]

历史与定义

史蒂文·诺维拉(Steven Novella)所述,“制药巨头”(Big Pharma)这一术语的使用,意味着将制药产业以一种妖魔化的形式表现出来;这种描述往往带有情绪化色彩,且脱离了商业历史中真实的复杂性。[4] 写作教授罗伯特·布拉斯基维茨(Robert Blaskiewicz)写道,阴谋论者使用“制药巨头”一词作为“一个抽象实体的简写,该实体包含了公司、监管机构、非政府组织、政客,通常还有医生,所有这些角色都在万亿美元的处方药市场中分了一杯羹”。[1]

布拉斯基维茨认为,制药巨头阴谋论具有四个典型特征:第一,假设阴谋由一小撮恶毒的权贵集团操控;第二,相信公众普遍对真相一无所知;第三,信奉者将缺乏证据视为(阴谋存在的)证据;第四,支持该理论的论据往往是非理性的、误解的或错误的。[1]

在20世纪70年代和80年代,这一阴谋论由安·维格莫尔(Ann Wigmore)推动,她声称包括癌症和艾滋病在内的疾病可以通过生食饮食有效治愈。在此背景下,维格莫尔认为制药产业是让普通民众保持患病状态的阴谋的一部分。[5]

记者安德烈·皮卡德(André Picard)在2009年写道,互联网彻底改变了大众科学话语的性质,使其从偶发和尊重的态度转变为广泛传播且基于阴谋论:科学辩论往往被取代,取而代之的是将科学斥为“某种巨大阴谋的一部分”。在阴谋论者的世界观中,“医生、护士、药剂师、药理学家、生物化学家、免疫学家、遗传学家和记者都不值得信任。他们全都被收买了”。[6]

2016年意大利的一项研究发现,近半数成年人口认为制药公司阻碍了治疗严重疾病的有效药物的研发。作者指出这属于阴谋论范畴,且此类信仰与主流宗教信仰呈负相关,同时具有反科学和反精英主义的基础。[2]

具体表现

该阴谋论有多种不同的表现形式。尽管每种形式的叙事各异,但它们无一例外都将“制药巨头”描绘成反派角色。[1]

艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)

艾滋病流行伊始,便出现了许多危险的假说来解释该疾病的起源和性质。一种阴谋论声称,艾滋病是由美国联邦政府制造的,旨在控制或消灭男同性恋者及非裔美国人。此外,还有说法称存在一种针对HIV/AIDS的治愈方法,但被故意向穷人隐瞒。[7][8] 其他理论则声称,尽管病毒有害,但抗逆转录病毒药物的风险超过了其益处。这些药物被描述为毒素,由被制药行业腐蚀的医生负责散播。[9]

记者西莉亚·法伯(Celia Farber)在2006年为《哈泼斯杂志》(Harper's Magazine)撰写的专栏中声称,抗逆转录病毒药物奈韦拉平是“科学-医疗复合体”传播有毒药物阴谋的一部分。[10] 法伯称艾滋病并非由HIV引起,且奈韦拉平在临床试验中被不道德地用于孕妇,导致了一例死亡。[10] 法伯的理论和主张遭到了科学家的驳斥,但据研究人员赛斯·卡利奇曼(Seth Kalichman)指出,由此引发的关注成为了艾滋病否认主义的一个突破性时刻。[11]

受艾滋病否认主义者彼得·杜斯伯格(Peter Duesberg)的影响,南非前总统塔博·姆贝基曾推行拒绝向艾滋病患者提供治疗的政策。据估计,这一举措导致了超过30万人过早死亡。[12][13]

癌症解药

一个反复出现的阴谋论声称,制药产业实际上已经掌握了癌症的治愈方法,但将其隐瞒,以便能够继续从当前给予癌症患者的“无效”治疗中赚取数十亿美元。[14] 根据2005年的一项调查,27%的美国公众相信这一说法。[15] 该论点认为,制药公司通过开发高利润、单一用途的治疗方法,而不是专注于所谓的万能解药,来拖慢癌症全面治愈的研究进程。[16]

2024年8月沃帕斯航空2283号班机空难发生后,社交媒体上出现贴文,称癌症研究员莱昂纳多·费雷拉(Leonardo Ferreira)是乘客之一。巴西放射学与诊断成像学院发布了讣告,阴谋论随即传播开来,声称制药巨头策划了一名接近发现突破性癌症疗法的人士的死亡。费雷拉随后证实他并未死亡;且航班乘客名单上并无此人。[17]

疫苗

关于疫苗是由制药产业制造用来让人致病或改变人类DNA的观点由来已久,[18][19] 但在COVID-19大流行期间,这种观点又获得了新生。[20][21]

声称疫苗会导致自闭症的阴谋论可追溯到1998年2月发表在《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)上的一项研究。[22][23] 安德鲁·韦克菲尔德声称MMR疫苗与自闭症之间存在联系。该研究后来被证实为欺诈性的,并导致韦克菲尔德被吊销行医资格。《柳叶刀》也撤回了这篇文章。[24] 尽管已有大量研究证伪了自闭症与疫苗之间的联系,[25] 该阴谋论仍以各种形式存续,并得到了包括唐纳德·特朗普在内的人士的传播。[26][27]

其他阴谋论则暗示疫苗被用于植入微芯片以进行监控精神控制[28] 其中,比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会被指控企图通过全球疫苗接种计划为全世界人口植入微芯片。[29][30][31]

COVID-19

2019冠状病毒病疫情被各种阴谋论所包围,包括断言COVID-19根本不存在,或仅仅是一种轻微的流感[32][33]

在疫情期间,关于疾病起源的阴谋论激增,例如声称病毒是在实验室中制造的。然而,强有力的证据表明,致病病毒SARS-CoV-2是属于冠状病毒亚科的自然进化毒株。[34][35]

2020年的视频《大流行病:COVID-19背后的隐秘议程》(Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19)宣扬了阴谋论主张,即疫苗是“造成医疗伤害的敛财工具”。在视频中,前研究科学家朱迪·米科维茨(Judy Mikovits)散播了这样一种观念:即“制药巨头”、比尔·盖茨世界卫生组织领导了一个阴谋,他们结成“循环权贵集团”,意图杀害美国人。[36] 该视频于2020年5月4日发布,获得了数百万次观看,成为传播最广的COVID-19虚假信息之一。

自然疗法

作家凯文·特鲁多(Kevin Trudeau)在其著作《他们不想让你知道的自然疗法》(Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About)中声称,针对包括癌症疱疹关节炎艾滋病胃食管反流病糖尿病多发性硬化症红斑狼疮慢性疲劳综合症注意力缺陷多动障碍肌营养不良症在内的严重疾病,都存在全天然的治愈方法,但这些方法都被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)、美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)以及主要的食品和药物公司蓄意向公众隐瞒和打压。[37] 该书自2005年出版以来一直是争议的焦点,并面临广泛的欺诈指控。[38][39]

评价

阴谋论支持者常见的一种说法是,制药公司通过在经济上向研究人员和期刊施压来压制对其药物的负面研究。怀疑论者本杰明·拉德福德(Benjamin Radford)虽然承认这些说法“确实有几分真实性”,但也指出,事实上顶级期刊定期会发表批评特定药物的论文。[40] 拉德福德指出的一个著名例子是发表在《英国医学杂志》(BMJ)上的一项系统综述,该综述表明扑热息痛(对乙酰氨基酚)对下背痛无效,且对骨关节炎疗效甚微。[40][41]

本·戈尔达克在2012年的著作《坏制药》(Bad Pharma,又译《制药业的真相》)中严厉批评了制药行业,但拒绝接受任何阴谋论。他认为,这些问题是由“普通人造成的,但他们中许多人可能甚至不知道自己做了什么”。[42]

史蒂文·诺维拉写道,虽然制药行业有许多方面确实值得批评,但对其进行“妖魔化”既愤世嫉俗又在智力上表现得懒惰。[4] 他进一步认为,对“制药巨头”夸大其词的攻击实际上让制药行业“逃脱了责任”,因为这些攻击分散了人们的注意力,并玷污了那些更深思熟虑的批评。[4] 他还在Skepticblog上撰文,指出伴随阴谋论思维而来的通常是对癌症研究的普遍误解和耸人听闻。他指出,癌症的治愈方法并不是被隐藏了,而是它们并不像媒体最初吹嘘的那样有效,它们要么导致死胡同,要么指向进一步的研究目标,要么降低了特定类型癌症的死亡率。[43]

戴夫·鲁斯(Dave Roos)和奥利弗·蔡尔兹(Oliver Childs)批评了这样一种观点,即隐瞒癌症解药比推出解药能带来更多利润。[44][45] 迪娜·法恩·马龙(Dina Fine Maron)进一步指出,这种观点在很大程度上忽略了一个事实,即癌症不是一种单一的疾病,而是许多种疾病,而且在抗击癌症方面已经取得了长足的进步。[46]

2016年,戴维·罗伯特·格兰姆斯(David Robert Grimes)发表了一篇研究论文,阐述了阴谋论在数学上的不可行性。[47] 他估算,如果存在一个制药巨头隐瞒癌症解药的阴谋,由于保守秘密所需的人数庞大,该阴谋将在大约3.2年后败露。[48]

参见

坏制药》:英国医生兼学者本·戈尔达克2012年出版的书籍

《制药巨头》(Big Pharma):英国记者杰基·劳(Jacky Law)2006年出版的书籍

邪恶公司(Evil corporation)

顺势疗法

阴谋论列表

被认定是伪科学的主题列表

游说集团

    • 制药游说(Pharmaceutical lobby)
    • 药品营销(Pharmaceutical marketing)

疫苗犹豫

反疫苗激进主义(Vaccine resistance activism)

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延伸阅读

Grimes DR. "Medical disinformation and the unviable nature of COVID-19 conspiracy theories". PLOS ONE, 2021, 16(3): e0245900. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245900

Jamieson KH. "How conspiracists exploited COVID-19 science". Nat Hum Behav, 2021-11, 5(11): 1464–1465. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01217-2