气候变化否定论:修订间差异
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'''气候变化否定论'''(Climate change denial,或称'''全球变暖否定论''')是[[科学否定论]]的一种形式,其特征是拒绝、不承认、质疑或对抗有关人为全球变暖的广泛证据(这些证据已促成了[[关于气候变化的科学共识]])。宣扬这种否定论的人通常使用修辞策略,在根本不存在科学争议的地方制造出存在争议的假象。<ref name=":1">[https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?], The European Journal of Public Health, 2008.</ref><ref name="Hartley">[https://commonslibrary.org/tactics-used-by-fossil-fuel-companies-to-suppress-critique-and-obstruct-climate-action/ Tactics Used by Fossil Fuel Companies to Suppress Critique and Obstruct Climate Action], The Commons Social Change Library, 2025-02-17.</ref> 气候变化否定论的常见表现包括:对气候变化在多大程度上是由[[气候变化的原因|人类引起]]的、气候变化对[[气候变化的影响|自然和人类社会的影响]]提出不合理的怀疑;或者在夸大[[气候变化缓解|缓解]]气候变化成本的同时,淡化[[气候变化适应|适应]]气候变化的成本。<ref name="ncse-pillars">[http://ncse.com/climate/denial/climate-change-is-good-science Climate change is good science], National Center for Science Education, 2010-06-04.</ref><ref name="NCSE-why-denial">[https://ncse.ngo/why-it-called-denial Why Is It Called Denial?], National Center for Science Education, 2016-01-15.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-inquisition-of-climate-science/9780231157186 The inquisition of climate science], Columbia University Press, 2011.<sup>:170–173</sup></ref> 在较小程度上,当人们接受科学事实却[[认知失调|未能将其与自身的信仰或行动相统一]]时,气候变化否定论也会呈现为一种隐性否定。<ref name="NCSE-why-denial" /> 多项研究将这些立场定性为[[否定主义]]、<ref name=":3">[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764213477097 Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction], American Behavioral Scientist, 2013.<sup>:691–698</sup></ref>[[伪科学]]、<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.05.002 Science denial as a form of pseudoscience], Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2017.</ref>或[[政治宣传]]。<ref name="Jacques2008">[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09644010802055576 The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism], Environmental Politics, 2008.<sup>:351</sup></ref> | '''气候变化否定论'''(Climate change denial,或称'''全球变暖否定论''')是[[科学否定论]]的一种形式,其特征是拒绝、不承认、质疑或对抗有关人为全球变暖的广泛证据(这些证据已促成了[[关于气候变化的科学共识]])。宣扬这种否定论的人通常使用修辞策略,在根本不存在科学争议的地方制造出存在争议的假象。<ref name=":1">[https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?], The European Journal of Public Health, 2008.</ref><ref name="Hartley">[https://commonslibrary.org/tactics-used-by-fossil-fuel-companies-to-suppress-critique-and-obstruct-climate-action/ Tactics Used by Fossil Fuel Companies to Suppress Critique and Obstruct Climate Action], The Commons Social Change Library, 2025-02-17.</ref> 气候变化否定论的常见表现包括:对气候变化在多大程度上是由[[气候变化的原因|人类引起]]的、气候变化对[[气候变化的影响|自然和人类社会的影响]]提出不合理的怀疑;或者在夸大[[气候变化缓解|缓解]]气候变化成本的同时,淡化[[气候变化适应|适应]]气候变化的成本。<ref name="ncse-pillars">[http://ncse.com/climate/denial/climate-change-is-good-science Climate change is good science], National Center for Science Education, 2010-06-04.</ref><ref name="NCSE-why-denial">[https://ncse.ngo/why-it-called-denial Why Is It Called Denial?], National Center for Science Education, 2016-01-15.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-inquisition-of-climate-science/9780231157186 The inquisition of climate science], Columbia University Press, 2011.<sup>:170–173</sup></ref> 在较小程度上,当人们接受科学事实却[[认知失调|未能将其与自身的信仰或行动相统一]]时,气候变化否定论也会呈现为一种隐性否定。<ref name="NCSE-why-denial" /> 多项研究将这些立场定性为[[否定主义]]、<ref name=":3">[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764213477097 Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction], American Behavioral Scientist, 2013.<sup>:691–698</sup></ref>[[伪科学]]、<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.05.002 Science denial as a form of pseudoscience], Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2017.</ref>或[[政治宣传]]。<ref name="Jacques2008">[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09644010802055576 The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism], Environmental Politics, 2008.<sup>:351</sup></ref> | ||
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== 对否定论的回应 == | == 对否定论的回应 == | ||
[[File:20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg|thumb | [[File:20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg|thumb|'''温度数据''':来自各个科学组织的全球平均气温数据集在变暖的进展和程度上显示出不可辩驳的一致性。|212x212像素]] | ||
[[File:2017 Global warming attribution - based on NCA4 Fig 3.3 - single-panel version.svg|thumb | [[File:2017 Global warming attribution - based on NCA4 Fig 3.3 - single-panel version.svg|thumb|'''因果关系''':温室气体在大气中的累积是观测到的全球变暖的核心驱动力。|213x213像素]] | ||
[[File:20230321 Effectiveness of techniques to motivate climate mitigation action - bar chart.svg|thumb| | [[File:20230321 Effectiveness of techniques to motivate climate mitigation action - bar chart.svg|thumb|提供冰冷的数据和事实在促使人们采取气候缓解行动方面,远不如财务激励或展示其他人群环保行为所带来的社会压力有效。|212x212像素]] | ||
[[File:20230612 Predictors of changing opinions about global warming - survey.svg|thumb| | [[File:20230612 Predictors of changing opinions about global warming - survey.svg|thumb|在美国,导致人们改变对全球变暖看法的最强因素依次是:民主党政治认同、亲眼目睹他人遭受气候变化影响,以及主动学习气候知识。|211x211像素]] | ||
=== 情绪在沟通中的作用 === | === 情绪在沟通中的作用 === | ||